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Last year the leader of Cairo’s top institution of Islamic clerics, Al-Azhar, said abortion is not the solution even in cases where a child is likely to be seriously ill or disabled. Laws and interpretations vary across the Muslim world.Ībortion has been legal up to 12 weeks in Tunisia for decades, but in Iran it's been forbidden since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. It's also been widely available in Israel since 1978 and relatively uncontroversial, allowed by law before the 24th week with the approval of hospital “termination committees” that consist of medical professionals including at least one woman. It remains illegal in Andorra, Malta and Vatican City, while Poland last year tightened its abortion laws. Ireland did so in 2018, followed by tiny San Marino in a voter referendum last fall. Most European countries have legalized abortion, including predominantly Catholic ones. Previously it was permitted in cases of rape or incest risk to the woman's life or severe fetal malformation. Many African nations also maintain complete bans, but in October 2021, Benin legalized abortion in most circumstances up to 12 weeks.
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Courts in the latter have given women long prison sentences for aggravated homicide even in cases where prosecutors suspect a miscarriage was actually an abortion. Other places have total bans with no exceptions, such as Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador. Former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who is seeking a new term in October, recently said he sees legalizing abortion as a public health issue, eliciting criticism in a country where few approve of the procedure. It's also widely available in Cuba and Uruguay.īut expansion of abortion access has not extended to all of Latin America, with many countries restricting it to certain circumstances - such as Brazil, the region's most populous nation, where it's permissible only in cases of rape, risk to the woman's life and certified cases of the birth defect anencephaly.
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To the south in Argentina, lawmakers in late 2020 passed a bill legalizing abortion until the 14th week and after that for circumstances similar to those described in the Colombia ruling. Abortion was already readily available in Mexico City and some states. Statutes outlawing abortion are still on the books in most of Mexico's 32 states, however, and nongovernmental organizations that have long pushed for decriminalization are pressing state legislatures to reform them. As the country’s highest court, its ruling bars all jurisdictions from charging a woman with a crime for terminating a pregnancy. Similarly, Mexico's Supreme Court held last year that it was unconstitutional to punish abortion. The decision fell short of advocates' hopes for a complete decriminalization, but Martínez Coral said it still left Colombia with the “most progressive legal framework in Latin America.” Abortion is still allowed after that period under those special circumstances. The February ruling there established a broad right for women to have abortions within the 24-week period, whereas previously they could do so only in specific cases such as if a fetus presented malformations or a pregnancy resulted from rape. “It is an awful precedent for the coming years for the region and the world,” said Colombian Catalina Martínez Coral, Latin America and Caribbean director for the New York-based Center for Reproductive Rights, which was among the groups that litigated the abortion case in Colombia’s high court. But for women's activists who for years have led grinding campaigns demanding open access to abortion, often looking to the United States as a model, it's a discouraging sign and a reminder that hard-won gains can be impermanent.